Lucene 10.1.0 demo API
The demo module offers simple example code to show the features of Lucene.
Apache Lucene - Building and Installing the Basic Demo
About this Document
This document is intended as a "getting started" guide to using and running the Lucene demos. It walks you through some basic installation and configuration.
About the Demo
The Lucene command-line demo code consists of an application that demonstrates various functionalities of Lucene and how you can add Lucene to your applications.
Setting your CLASSPATH
First, you should download the latest Lucene distribution and then extract it to a working directory.
You need four JARs: the Lucene JAR, the queryparser JAR, the common analysis JAR, and the Lucene demo JAR. You should see the Lucene JAR file in the modules/ directory you created when you extracted the archive -- it should be named something like lucene-core-{version}.jar. You should also see files called lucene-queryparser-{version}.jar, lucene-analysis-common-{version}.jar and lucene-demo-{version}.jar under queryparser, analysis/common/ and demo/, respectively.
Put all four of these files in your Java CLASSPATH.
Indexing Files
Once you've gotten this far you're probably itching to go. Let's build an index! Assuming you've set your CLASSPATH correctly, just type:
java org.apache.lucene.demo.IndexFiles -docs {path-to-lucene}
This will produce a subdirectory called index
which will contain an index of all of the Lucene source code.
To search the index type:
java org.apache.lucene.demo.SearchFiles
You'll be prompted for a query. Type in a gibberish or made up word (for example:
"supercalifragilisticexpialidocious").
You'll see that there are no maching results in the lucene source code.
Now try entering the word "string". That should return a whole bunch
of documents. The results will page at every tenth result and ask you whether
you want more results.About the code
In this section we walk through the sources behind the command-line Lucene demo: where to find them, their parts and their function. This section is intended for Java developers wishing to understand how to use Lucene in their applications.
Location of the source
The files discussed here are linked into this documentation directly:
- IndexFiles.java: code to create a Lucene index.
- SearchFiles.java: code to search a Lucene index.
IndexFiles
As we discussed in the previous walk-through, the IndexFiles class creates a Lucene Index. Let's take a look at how it does this.
The main() method parses the command-line
parameters, then in preparation for instantiating
IndexWriter, opens a
Directory, and
instantiates StandardAnalyzer
and IndexWriterConfig.
The value of the -index command-line parameter is the name of the filesystem directory where all index information should be stored. If IndexFiles is invoked with a relative path given in the -index command-line parameter, or if the -index command-line parameter is not given, causing the default relative index path "index" to be used, the index path will be created as a subdirectory of the current working directory (if it does not already exist). On some platforms, the index path may be created in a different directory (such as the user's home directory).
The -docs command-line parameter value is the location of the directory containing files to be indexed.
The -update command-line parameter tells IndexFiles not to delete the index if it already exists. When -update is not given, IndexFiles will first wipe the slate clean before indexing any documents.
Lucene Directorys are used by
the IndexWriter to store information in the
index. In addition to the FSDirectory
implementation we are using, there are several other Directory subclasses that can write to RAM, to databases,
etc.
Lucene Analyzers are
processing pipelines that break up text into indexed tokens, a.k.a. terms, and
optionally perform other operations on these tokens, e.g. downcasing, synonym
insertion, filtering out unwanted tokens, etc. The Analyzer we are using is StandardAnalyzer, which creates tokens using the Word Break
rules from the Unicode Text Segmentation algorithm specified in Unicode Standard Annex #29; converts
tokens to lowercase; and then filters out stopwords. Stopwords are common
language words such as articles (a, an, the, etc.) and other tokens that may
have less value for searching. It should be noted that there are different
rules for every language, and you should use the proper analyzer for each.
Lucene currently provides Analyzers for a number of different languages (see
the javadocs under lucene/analysis/common/src/java/org/apache/lucene/analysis).
The IndexWriterConfig instance holds all configuration for IndexWriter. For example, we set the OpenMode to use here based on the value of the -update command-line parameter.
Looking further down in the file, after IndexWriter is instantiated, you should see the indexDocs() code. This recursive function crawls the
directories and creates Document objects. The
Document is simply a data object to represent the
text content from the file as well as its creation time and location. These
instances are added to the IndexWriter. If the
-update command-line parameter is given, the
IndexWriterConfig OpenMode will be set to OpenMode.CREATE_OR_APPEND, and rather than adding documents
to the index, the IndexWriter will
update them in the index by attempting to find an
already-indexed document with the same identifier (in our case, the file path
serves as the identifier); deleting it from the index if it exists; and then
adding the new document to the index.
Searching Files
The SearchFiles class is
quite simple. It primarily collaborates with an
IndexSearcher,
StandardAnalyzer,
(which is used in the IndexFiles class as well)
and a QueryParser. The
query parser is constructed with an analyzer used to interpret your query text
in the same way the documents are interpreted: finding word boundaries,
downcasing, and removing useless words like 'a', 'an' and 'the'. The
Query object contains the
results from the
QueryParser which
is passed to the searcher. Note that it's also possible to programmatically
construct a rich Query object without using
the query parser. The query parser just enables decoding the
Lucene query syntax into the corresponding
Query object.
SearchFiles uses the
IndexSearcher.search(query,n) method that returns
TopDocs with max
n hits. The results are printed in pages, sorted
by score (i.e. relevance).
Working with vector embeddings
In addition to indexing and searching text, IndexFiles and SearchFiles can also index and search numeric vectors derived from that text, known as "embeddings." This demo code uses pre-computed embeddings provided by the GloVe project, which are in the public domain. The dictionary here is a tiny subset of the full GloVe dataset. It includes only the words that occur in the toy data set, and is definitely not ready for production use! If you use this code to create a vector index for a larger document set, the indexer will throw an exception because a more complete set of embeddings is needed to get reasonable results.
Working with facets
Lucene also provides aggregation capabilities over the index, e.g. counting results across a category (SimpleFacetsExample), computing expressions ( ExpressionAggregationFacetsExample), dynamic ranges (DynamicRangeFacetsExample). For more details, see the dedicated faceting guide.